Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Example

Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Midterm Cheat Sheet (EDG 701) |Period of |Freud Psychosexual |Erickson | |Life | |Psychosocial (role | | | |of ego/social influ)| |First Year|Oral Stage—oral |Infancy: Trust vs. | | |fixations/gratificat|Mistrust—basic needs| | |ion—mistrust of |met=trust; not | | |others, rejection, |met=mistrust | | |love/fear of | | | |intimate | | |relationships | | |Ages 1-3 |Anal |Early Childhood: | | |Stage—independence, |Autonomy vs | | |personal power, |Shame/Doubt—needs to| | |learn to express |learn how to | | |negative |explore, experiment,| | |feelings—need for |make mistakes; not | | |parental discipline |be dependent | |Ages 3-6 |Phallic |Preschool Age: | | |Stage—unconscious |Initiative vs | |sexual |Guilt—develop a | | |desires—Oedipus |sense of | | |Complex |competence/initiativ| | |(boys)—Electra |e on their own | | |Complex (girls) |(inability active | | | |stance) | |Ages 6-12 |Latency Stage—sexual|Schoo l Age: Industry| | |desires replaced by |vs | | |socialization |Inferiority—develop | | |desires |gender role | | |identity; understand| | | |the world; | | | |setting/attaining | | | |goals (or | | | |inadequacy) | |Ages 12-18|Genital |Adolscence: Identity| | |Stage—(Phallic |vs Role | | |Stage) Invest sexual|Confusion—est ind | | |energy in socially |identity from | | |acceptable |parents; self, life | |activities |goals, life meaning | | | |(or role confusion) | |Ages 18-35|Genital Stage |Young Adulthood: | | |cont—freedom to love|Intimacy vs | | |and to work and free|Isolation—form | | |from parents |intimate | | | |relationships (or | | | |alienation/isolation| | | |) | |Ages 35-60|Genital Stage |Middle Age: | |continues |Generativity vs | | | |Stagnation—beyond | | | |self fam—help next| | | |generation; | | | |productivity (or | | | |feel of stagnation) | |Ages 60+ |Genital Stage |Later Life: | | |Continues |Integrity vs | | | |Despair—being able | | | |to look back/feel | | |worthwhile (or | | | |despair, resentment,| | | |guilt, | | | |self-rejection) | Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud 40s†¦authoritarian/restricted; disorders, fears, phobias; examined his own childhood memories/dreams(dreams (dream work: latent content vs manifest content), slips of tongue, free association, interpretation of resistance transference) †¦psychodynamic factors unconscious motivated behavior†¦libido (sexual energy; energy in all things—goal gaining pleasure avoiding pain)†¦id (seat of all instincts, unconscious, pleasure principle, illogical; amoral)†¦ego (governs, controls, regulates instincts, conscious, world, reality principle, checks controls id)†¦superego (judicial branch; moral code, presents ideal/perfection, good or bad, right or wrong)—anxiety conflict between the 3†¦reality anxiety=fear of danger from world; neurotic anxiety=fear of doing something that is punishable; moral anxiety=fear of one’s own conscience Defenses: repressioninvoluntary removal of something from consciousness that later do influence behavior; denialdistorting what the individual thinks, feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation; reaction formationactively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with the for any impulse; projectionattribute in two others ones own unacceptable desires and impulses; displacement directing energy toward another object or person when the original article person is inaccessible; rationalizationjustifies specific behaviors and it aims to soft in the blow connected with disappointments; sublimationdiverging sexual or aggression energy into other channels; regression going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands; introjectiontaking in and swallowing without using standards of some others; identificationidentifying the successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be p erceived as worthwhile; compensationmasking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations(goal=†¦cure clients, strengthen ego so behavior more reality based make unconscious conscious; self-awareness, honesty, personal rel, realistic sol to anxiety)†¦blank screen approach (therapists reveal little personally/little reactions=transference of repressed issues with others onto therapist beginning issues to light)†¦listen, learn, interpret†¦intense long (expect psychodynamic therapy)†¦Transference Countertransference=useful in group work†¦Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT) Time Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (TLDP) Multicultual: Erikson emphasis psychosocial development ppl of color; intense training (personal psychotherapy) exposes therapists own biases and sources of countertransference Shortcomings: costly, long term personality reconstruction (not short term prob solv) , upper middle-class values, ambiguity=lack of direction some cultures; doesn’t address social, cultural, and political factors Analytical Psychology (Carl Jung; combines history, anthropology, mythology, religion†¦midlife crisis)†¦influenced by past future events moving us towards individuation (integration of conscious and unconscious)†¦constructive and destructive (shadow) forces which must accept; collective conscious—past and history of species; persona—mask we wear to protect ourselves, animus/anima—biological psychological parts of M and F, shadow—dark side; unconscious discovery prepares for the near future bring balance between opposites of individual Adlerian Therapy/Individual Psychology (Alfred Adler—sickly childhood) growth model instead of sickness model motivated by social relatedness not sexual urges; purposeful/goal-directed behavior; focus on consciousness; stressed choice, responsibility, meaning of life, striving for success (feelings of inferiority motivate us to move towards superiority/higher level)†¦holistic, collaborative, social, goal oriented, systemic, and humanistic in trying to understand the systems in which we live; Phenomenologcial Approach—view world from client’s subj pt of view; all behavior has a purpose, pay attention to themes across ppl life; Fictional Finalism/Guided Self Ideal/Goal of Perfection—central goal that drives behavior; experiences not decisive factor but interpretation decisions made based on them shape personality; faulty interpretations mistaken goals=adverse behavior; awareness of faulty interpretations=opportunity to change†¦social interests (p os attitude toward others contribution) =innate taught, learned, used, Mental Health=social interests + self identification + empathy; no social interest = inferiority/alienation Community feeling=connected to humanity (past, present, future to make world better) –no community feeling=discouragement/uselessness *3 Universal Life Task: Building Friendships (social task), Establishing Intimacy (Love/Marriage Task), Contributing to Society (Occupational Task), additional (Dreikurs Mosak (1967) Getting Along With Others (Self Acceptance), Developing Spiritual Dimension; not completing life task=disorder—Things to do (build relationship with client, identify birth order, early recollections, look at private logic, do lifestyle assessment)†¦Birth Order/Family Constellation (Oldest, Second Child of Only Two, Middle Child, Youngest Child, Only Child)—interpretation of your order is key; Providing info, teaching, guiding, and offering encouragement to discouraged clients(new ways of looking at self, others, life/goals)—client/therapist rel = equal, trust, collaboration, goal alignment, encourage the development of self understanding, reorientation; Adlerian Brief Therapy (ABT)—applications Child Guidance, Parent/Child Counseling, Couples, Family, Group, Cultural, Correctional/Rehab†¦listening to children—identify mistaken goals consequences, emotional coaching, encouragement (Parent Ed Prog STEP Active Parenting)†¦ Multicultural: addresses social equality is sues/social embededness, focus on health, cultural/social context (effects of social class, racism, sexism, genderism, role of spirituality) Shortcomings: some cultures may not see self change as important as family and extended family might be more important, some may not wish to explore past childhood memories and/or family experiences, therapist is not an expert We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Cheat Sheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Cheat Sheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Cheat Sheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Existential Therapy (no particular founder but many streams of thought; Victor Frankl â€Å"Man’s Search for Meaning/Death Camp to Existentialism—began in Nazi concentration camp experiences—essence of life lies in searching for meaning/purpose living an authentic life (Rollo May â€Å"Meaning of Anxiety†: therapy should be aimed at helping discover the meaning of life and should be more concerned with the problems than problem solving)†¦ Frankl – fond of quoting Nietzsche â€Å"he has a right to live for can bear with him any how† â€Å"that which does not kill me, makes me stronger *developed logotherapy therapy for meaning†¦ Sheds light on what it means to be fully alive†¦ To be alive encompasses ability to take hold of life day by day as well as to find meaning in suffering *the therapeutic process is aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose, among other things, suffering, work, and love (Frankl, 196 5) 1. Rollo May it takes courage to â€Å"be†, and our choices determine the kind of person we become†¦ There is a constant struggle within us because although growth was maturity and independence, we realized the expansion is often a painful process way of thinking; acknowledges the human situation but emphasizes the freedom to choose what to make of our circumstances; not victims b/c of choice (goal=reflect on life to see how circumstances have been accepted and control lost, recognize alternatives, decide on them to consciously shape life)†¦ *crucial significance—acts against the tendency to identify therapy as a set of techniques; focuses understanding of what it means to be human—Basic Dimensions of Human Condition (1. the greater awareness=greater freedom, 2. Ppl free to choose alternatives; freedom=responsibility for our lives, actions, failures to take action—guilt forms when aware of evading a commitment or haven’t chosen an alt, 3. Ppl concerned with their uniqueness centeredness but want to relate to others—sense of isolation occurs when we have not discovered for ourselves who we are outside of our relationships, what we get from our intimate relationships, are our relationships equal? , 4. Struggle for meaning and purpose in life—emptiness=absence of purpose, 5. Existential anxiety=unavoidable result of being confronted with the givens of existence—normal anxiety=app response to an event used as movitation to change—neurotic anxiety=extreme response usually unconscious and immobilizing, 6. Awareness of death as not negative/normal—motivation to do things of value†¦. sually deal with clients who have restricted existence—limited awareness of themselvestherapist help clients become aware encourage action in the world of how to live differently†¦most suitable for clients exp developmental crisis, grief/loss, confronting death, facing a major life decisionâ⠂¬â€Group Therapy—enables honesty w/self, widens perspective of self/world, clarifies what gives meaning to life—Multicultural—no particular way to viewing reality, broad perspective, focuses on human conditions that transcend boundaries, clients examine how social/cultural conditioning affects them—Shortcomings—ignores social factors that cause human problems, clients who believe they have little choice bc of environmental circumstances (racism, oppression, etc) severely restrict their ability to influence the direction of life, does not include social interventions, some cultures do not focus on self self-determination, not structured and problem oriented approach Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers—humanistic psychology—close but strict religious family relationship; play discouraged=lonely, wouldn’t share with mother bc of her judgement=necessity of nonjudgemental listening acceptance if clients are to change, not concerned with history, avoid leading/probing questions, interpretations, evaluation, or frequency/length of therapy; not a prob solving model but growth model/client chooses their goals, shared journey in which therapist guide bc of more experience and psychological maturity, greatest action=reduction of racial tensions efforts to achieve world peace (Nobel Peace Prize Winner) â€Å"quiet revolutionary†Ã¢â‚¬â€shares concepts with existentialism=ppl are trustworthy; capable of understanding and resolving their own conflicts wo direct intervention; attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapists, quality of client-therapist relationship=prime determinants of the outcome of therapy—expe cted model to evolve and change†¦. Period of Developm’t=1. 1940s=nondirective counseling—therapists permissive and nondirective, clients reflect/clarify feelings (believed giving advice, suggestion, direction, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation were inadequate, pre-judical, and often misused), 2. 1950s=client centered therapy—emphasis on client phenomenological (existence in the world around us) world actualizing tendency as motivation for change, 3. Late 50s-70s=process of becoming one’s experience—openness to experience, trust it, adding evaluation, willingness to be that process—client centered applied to education=student centered teaching, 4. 0s-90s=interest in edu, politics, industry, groups, concrete resolution, world peace increased as well as how ppl obtain, process, share or surrender power over other/themselves increased=person centered approach†¦Similiarties to Existentialism *shared respect for cli ents subjective (own) experience, respect uniqueness/individuality, trust capacity to make pos/constructive conscious choices, emphasis on freedom, choice, values, personal resp, autonomy, purpose, meaning, place little emphasis on techniques†¦Differences to Existentialism *existentialists believe we are faced with anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks meaning, humanists focus less on anxiety but more on natural potential to actualize and find meaning; in therapy if conditions are right ppl will grow towards actualization(a directional process of striving towards fulfillment, autonomy, perfection (not perfect but higher level than previous)†¦. herapist create secure environment through congruence (realness/genuineness/openness of feelings, thoughts, reactions, attitudes appropriately/professionally), unconditional positive regard/acceptance/love (non-possessive, nonjudgemental, not for personal satification), accurate empathetic understanding (abi lity to grasp the subjective world of others; not sympathy)=less defensiveness, value their experiences, modify perceptions, increased confidence, more openness, prosocial/constructive behavior†¦therapist focus on what is right for the client, assests they bring, how they act in the world, how they can move forward in constructive ways successfully encounter obstacles that are blocking growth=living fully/authentically with realization that this is a continual process in which actualization never arrives†¦clients seek therapy bc of helplessness, powerlessness, and inability to make decisions/direct their lives and learn to explore policing feelings of fear, anxiety, shame, hatred, anger, etc†¦Expressive Arts Therapy (Natalie Rogers)—all ppl have the ability to be creative, transformative healing process bc of inc self awareness, understanding, insight, inner and outer world become one Multicultural—highly used in European countries, lack of techniques procedures but being with clients â€Å"present† (listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, responding), allows for diversity, innovation, and individualization in practice, sharing of reactions, caring, immediacy of addressing what is going on, clients more actively involved in assessment/treatment, Group/Families/School—lack of controlling but facilitators of safe/healing climate providing more self-direction assuming of responsibilities/consequences, in crisis—presents opp to express themselves fully, be understood/accepted but may need to provide more structure, workshops promote cross cultural comm†¦.. Shortcomings—clients may desire more structure and techniques, may be diff for some to transfer into ractice, some cultures may not value autonomy and personal growth, may not provide significant challenges/tasks to clients, clients select goals, personal limitation s of therapists due to a lack of experience with an experience Ethics—mandatory ethics=ethical prac at min level of prof prac, aspirational ethics=best interests of the client, positive ethics=doing what’s best instead of min level, ethics-edu everyone about prof resp of profession; provide accountability—Steps 1. Identify prob, 2. Identify potential issues, 3. Look for ethics, 4. Consider laws/regulations, 5. Consultation(document), 6. Courses of action, 7. Consequences, 8. Decide on best course of action†¦Limits to confidentiality—abuse, danger to self/others, criminality, hospitalization needed, informed consent, consultation, subpoena†¦Microskills Hierarchy —†¦bottom up.. 1. thics, multicultural competence (exam beliefs, avoid assumptions, be sensitive and understanding of how power, privilege, and other sociocultural influences affect cultures, values, biases, be aware of them; don’t impose them on clients), wellness (sl eep, exercise, balance, setting boundaries, family/friends, diet, relaxation, pers counseling), 2. Attending behaviors (culturally and individually approp visual (eye contact), vocal qualities, verbal tracking, body language, mirroring behavior (slight), affirmation, resp feedback, smiling, nodding, caring, 3. questions (open: Could? Would? Can? vs. closed: specific, Is? Are? Do? —avoid suggestions/advice, why? , over questioning or questions as stmts that suggest, appropriate/timely silence, sometimes nonattention (avoids rambling), 4. Observational skills (nonjudgemental but take notice), 5. Encouraging (use the most), paraphrasing, summarizing (use the least) stmts, 6. Reflection of feelings4 main feelings=sadness, anger, fear, joy (each has a range)†¦be present/hold space for client’s feelings, nonjudgemental, empathetic, feelings you’re most comfortable with has to do something with you personally, all feelings are ok; actions/behaviors are the problem, trust don’t try to change feelings, you don’t have to feel their feelings but if you do (countertransference) be aware, put aside, work on that personally†¦Personal Characteristics of Therapists=self-awareness, open to change, goal-oriented, authentic, humor, not perfectionist, live in the present, appreciate other cultures, social interest, interpersonal skills, have meaning/purpose, passionate, healthy boundaries†¦Diff of New Therapists=anxiety, being one’s self, perfect, silence, demands of client, client lack of commitment, ambiguity, losing self, humor, therapist/client journey, not giving advice, defining role as therapist, learning to use t echniques, developing personal counseling style, staying vital balanced

A Parenthetical Puzzle

A Parenthetical Puzzle A Parenthetical Puzzle A Parenthetical Puzzle By Mark Nichol Writers sometimes trip themselves up when they try to introduce a parenthetical element in a sentence without ensuring that the main clause of the sentence remains grammatically coherent. Here’s a troublesome example of this type of error, with a discussion of possible revisions. In the sentence â€Å"Smith was one of, if not the first, female members of the organization,† the writer is attempting to communicate two related ideas too early in the syntactical structure: Smith was one of the first female members of the organization, and she may have been the first female member of the organization. The preceding sentence is a possible revision, but the two thoughts can be expressed more concisely. To untangle the original sentence, revise it so that if the parenthetical element what is positioned between the commas (or a pair of parentheses or dashes) is deleted, what remains stands as a coherent sentence. The sentence without the parenthesis, â€Å"Smith was one of female members of the organization,† is not grammatically sound, because â€Å"the first† is expected to bear the responsibility of serving both points of the sentence. With the parenthesis, â€Å"female members† is expected to apply both to â€Å"one of† and â€Å"the first,† but the phrases are not parallel in structure. How about aligning the two points by using â€Å"the first† in each phrase? â€Å"Smith was one of the first, if not the first, female members of the organization† is closer to correct, but the parenthetical phrase still doesn’t agree with â€Å"female members.† (I’ve also seen constructions like â€Å"Smith was one of the, if not the, first female members of the organization.† The sentence is valid if the parenthesis is deleted, but the full sentence, again, is not parallel in structure.) Let’s try moving the phrase â€Å"female members† before the parenthesis: â€Å"Smith was one of the first female members, if not the first, of the organization.† That’s better, but it still reads awkwardly. How about moving â€Å"of the organization† before the parenthetical, too? (â€Å"Smith was one of the first female members of the organization, if not the first.†) The parenthetical is no longer a parenthetical it’s just a truncated phrase tacked onto the end of the main clause that implies the wording â€Å"if not the first female member of the organization† but the grammatical architecture is now sound. Sometimes, as in this case, a sentence is flawed in form it just won’t support a parenthetical element and must be restructured. This post analyzes three similarly impaired sentences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsTop 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

How to Get a Job in HealthCare Administration

How to Get a Job in HealthCare Administration if you look around at industries that have weathered the recession with few losses in jobs and pay, the healthcare professions are at the forefront. and the best news is, not every job in health care requires advanced medical training or degrees. there are literally hundreds of opportunities in different aspects of the field, both clinical and otherwise. here are five strategies to get your foot in the door- a crucial first step toward getting your career off the ground.1. pay attentionparticularly when trying to break into a new and complicated industry, it’s crucial to do a good deal of research. what are the driving issues of the moment? who are the important companies and names to keep in mind? bone up until you can speak intelligently about the industry. then figure out who’s hiring, and start staking out networking opportunities.2. minglenetworking is going to be your best friend here. remember that the most important factor when changing careers is who you know ( not what you know). volunteer, get active in social media discussions, ask friends of friends to introduce you to their contacts. show your eagerness and willingness to the right people and eventually you’ll find your in.3. assess your skill setyou may think you’re starting at the bottom rung with nothing, but most likely you have a number of skills under your belt that are totally transferrable into your new health care career. experience in sales, it, marketing, client care, administration- all of these can be extremely valuable. when in doubt, find an entry-level non-clinical position that can get you through the door, then work your way further into the field from that position.4. be humbleyou may be a 5- or 10-year veteran in the workforce, but if you have 0 years medical experience, you might want to take a step back and consider taking a job that might otherwise be beneath your current stage in life. remember that an entry-level gig in your brand-new medical car eer might serve you 10 times better (and much faster) than any position in current field. do what’s right for you, but remember to maintain some perspective.5. ask for helpfinding a mentor can be just the thing to help you on your quest. once you get your first gig in a hospital or office, even if you’re barely just answering the phones, you can absolutely seek out an experienced veteran and ask them to help steer you in the right direction. you’ll never go wrong emphasizing your willingness to learn, to put in the hard work and effort, and your keenness to keep advancing in your field.interested? Â  apply here

Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Art - Assignment Example This is just one detail that illustrates the more rugged lifestyle that he lives. His clothing also shows that he is not a well-dressed, civilized man of the eastern states, but instead wears leather and rough cloth as well as a beaten hat in a mixture of white man’s fashion with more Indian-style garb. He is not dressed for comfort or good looks, but rather for utility and difficult terrain and weather. The emotion in the picture has two polar ends. The rider is relaxed and wears an expression of serene dismay and his gaze is drawn to some object of concern. His horse, in contrast, is in a position of motion and exhaustion. The horse’s visible eye is bloodshot and wide-open, and also focused on something to the left that seems to be alarming. To add to the scenario, the rider clutches a rifle in his right hand. The overall idea seems to be that his life is a struggle, and that he lives dangerously. The painting is not so much detailed as blurred, and again suggests motion rather than stillness. Thus, Deas conveys an image of a man who lives on the go and is constantly looking over his shoulder while armed, representing the man of the Rocky Mountains and his daily

Geicos Total Rewards Program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geicos Total Rewards Program - Coursework Example First, it is quite hilarious to understand how it has impacted on the quality of life of many people. This has been clearly explained on the website. For this reason, anyone who gets access to the site does not need to conduct an extensive research, but to have a glance at this site in order to know everything about all the rewards associated with the program. To conclude, I would like to commend the administrators of this website for doing a commendable job. It is quite encouraging to design and manage such a well-organized website for the benefits of all the audience. After all, all the information is presented in a clear manner using a simple language. Thus, it undoubtedly becomes beneficial to anyone who gets access to it at all times. However, I would like to say that the information should not be too brief. Instead, it should be properly illustrated for easier comprehension by all the readers. As a matter of fact, a program can be much effective if it addresses the needs of everyone. This is due to the fact that they are meant to serve a dynamic society comprised of different people from diverse backgrounds and with diverse needs. In other words, as it is now; the program does not address all the advantages examined in the World at Work Handbook of Compensation, Benefits & Total Reward. For this reason, it is my considered opinion that the rewards should be repackaged to expand into many other areas rather than the ones specified on the website. I would like to urge the program to consider using the strategy of flexibility. Meaning, the program should not only concentrate on a few areas but expand to other aspects as well. These are also equally important since they have lots of value to add to human life. Although it is important to emphasize on health and education, the focus should be put on other significant areas such as economic empowerment.

The Holiness Of God The Fundamental Attribute Religion Essay

The Holiness Of God The Fundamental Attribute Religion Essay The attempt to quantify God so that humanity can grasp the vastness of His nature is indeed a formidable undertaking. Oftentimes, theologians speak of the attributes of God as those qualities of Gods nature that He has chosen to reveal of Himself to humanity, either through natural revelation, or through specific revelation. When we speak of the attributes of God, we are referring to those qualities of God which constitute what he is. They are the very characteristics of his nature.  [1]  Typically, Gods attributes are grouped into two classifications. In an effort to explain God according to Scripture, theologians have distinguished between his unshared attributes that belong to him alone, and Gods shared attributes, which he bestows upon us to a lesser degree than he possesses them.  [2]  First are those attributes of God which are true of Him alone. This set of attributes is known as the incommunicable attributes, which refers simply to those characteristics of God that ca nnot be shared by anyone other than God; by virtue of His divine nature, He alone exemplifies these qualities. The second set is known as Gods communicable attributes. These characteristics are those that God shares in some capacity with His creation; specifically with humanity as a part of His creation. Gods holiness falls into both classifications; first as an incommunicable attribute, holiness is elemental to Gods nature, and second, as a communicable attribute, holiness is fundamental to a right understanding of, and interaction with, God as Creator on the part of the created. This work will demonstrate the importance of holiness in both manners of qualification, in such a way as to highlight its fundamental characteristics to the nature of God, and to the nature of His interaction with His creation, as well as the reciprocal relationship between the creature and Creator. Erickson says of the attributes of God, There are two basic aspects to Gods holiness. The first is his uniqueness. He is totally separate from all of creation. . . . The other aspect of Gods holiness is his absolute purity or goodness. This means that he is untouched and unstained by the evil in the world. He does not in any sense participate in it.  [3]  Regarding holiness in particular, as a divine attribute Erickson also says, The attributes are permanent and intrinsic qualities, which cannot be gained or lost. Thus, holiness is not in this sense an attribute (a permanent, inseparable characteristic) of Adam, but it is of God. Gods attributes are essential and inherent dimensions of his very nature.  [4]  This distinction between Adam on the one hand, and God on the other, in relation to holiness is shared by other communicable attributes, but perhaps no greater gulf exists between mans ability to share in Gods attributes anywhere than at this point. For example, mankind m ay demonstrate some limited measure of love, or mercy on his own, since unbelieving men may display these characteristics under the right circumstances; albeit in pitiful fashion. However, under no circumstance imaginable is mankind capable of demonstrating even the most miniscule amount of holiness, aside from God imparting it to him as a shared attribute. With respect to any of the attributes of God, it must be stated that we know all that we know of God by virtue of His acts of revelation; those things that He has chosen to tell us of Himself. We learn much of what we know about God, from the multiplicity of references within Scripture concerning His name, and how He reveals it, as well as how He expects it to be revered. We may see that the Lords very name is holy, not just the places and things associated with him. Bless the LORD, O my soul; and all that is within me, bless His holy name. (Ps 103:1).  [5]  Gods revelation to Moses at Mt. Sinai is indicative of Gods desire to make Himself known. He says, I AM WHO I AM (Ex. 3:14). This revelation of his name is also a revelation of his nature.  [6]  Along this same thought line, Edmond Jacob points out that the name is synonymous with Yahweh. So the name always expresses the essential nature of a being, manifests the totality of the divine presence. Since name, in fact, does refer to the essence of Gods being, then holiness seems to be most characteristic of his nature. In Jacobs words, the relation between holiness and the name reveals the identity of holiness with deity. Given the fact that glory is one of the manifestations of holiness (Is. 6:3), it may be that even the references to his glorious name are really only an alternate rendering of the holy name.  [7]   Scripture itself attests to the high emphasis placed by God upon His name. In the Old Testament alone, there are five references to a glorious name and four references to a great name of God, but all the others (23) refer to Gods holy name.  [8]  Since his name is so immediately bound up with his nature, the connection of holiness with the name is very significant. It seems to indicate that the holiness is the most important thing Israel needed to know about this One who was revealing himself to them.  [9]  Indeed, Gods holiness is of supreme importance in His revelation to Israel because it distinguishes Him uncompromisingly from the pagan gods surrounding Israel at that time. It is important also to remember that part of Gods holiness is his separation and transcendence. God was establishing Himself with the children of Israel as different and superior to the pagan gods simultaneously through the understanding of His holiness. Gods holiness also serves to encourage His peop le to take up His ways, and to be like He is. The command to be holy as God is holy (1 Pet. 1:16), is more than just an admonition to try to be good people. It is a command for His people to be set apart from impurity as God is set apart from it. Moving in thought, from Gods revelation regarding His name, there are several key factors worthy of consideration with respect to holiness as it is fundamental to Gods nature. In the prophet Isaiahs vision (Isa. 6:3), it is interesting to note that while Isaiah sees God as the sovereign King, his description of his essential being is not in terms of sovereignty, or even righteousness, mercy or love. Rather it is the holiness of God that stands at the very heart of his nature.  [10]  Holiness it seems, as a part of Gods being, is the driving force behind the perfection of all the other attributes of God. In fact, Gustaf Aulen, in his Faith of the Christian Church, expresses his conviction that holiness is the foundation on which the whole conception of God rests.  [11]  It is seen as the basic or fundamental attribute because there is no standard for God; He Himself is the standard of holiness. God is under no law of holiness; He Himself is the law of holiness.  [12]  Gods nature is supremely perfect; a perfection driven by His holiness, as to be without comparison. God absolutely could not be God if it were not for this supreme perfection, which is His alone. Anything less than absolute perfection, and undeniable holiness in Him would denote some fundamental flaw, which, even on the smallest scale, would preclude His being God. The underlying thought of holiness is being separate from all thats impure. This is the divine perfection by which God is absolutely distinct from all creatures and exalted above them in infinite majesty. God is distinct from His creation in that He is set apart from creation by virtue of His purity. Holiness is fundamental because in a sense all of Gods other attributes rest on this one attribute of perfection. Gods level of perfection in all His attributes must have their basis in the level of perfection that stems from His holiness. From this point, we see that His holiness is fundamental to all of his attributes. Equally as important, humanitys right understanding of God is predicated upon the absolute perfection of His holy nature. Gods holiness His very essence, as communicated to His creatures, is a derivative of absolute perfection. There is an emphasis given to this attribute above all the other attributes. There are certain attributes we prefer, because of personal benefit derived from them. We esteem Gods love, mercy, and grace before His justice, wrath, and anger. But in the Bible, the holiness of God has preeminence over all the others.  [13]  It is from this standpoint that we describe the holiness of God as being transcendent or above all the other attributes. This transcendence establishes holiness as a foundational attribute. Coppedge depicts how holiness, as a transcendent and foundational attribute, relates to other traditional characteristics below: 14It is the transcendence of Gods holiness that establishes it as the foundational attribute of God. Many see holiness as the foremost attribute of all because holiness pervades all the other attributes of God and is consistent wil all He is and does.  [15]   Having established the primacy of holiness as an attribute of God, attention may now be turned to the implications of this basic attribute as it is inherent in God; before it may be imparted to man. First, in thinking about holiness as an incommunicable attribute, there are several concepts that one must grasp to rightly understand who God is, and how the nature of His being affects His creation. Theologians may say that Gods holiness is incommunicable because there is a level of perfection in His holiness that may not rightly be ascribed to any part of the creation. Exodus 5:11 says with wonder, Who is like You, O LORD, among the gods? Who is like You, glorious in holiness, Fearful in praises, doing wonders? Gods holiness has a gloriously incomparable aspect to it, which is its incommunicable component. Gods holiness also has an eternal aspect to it. John said, in commenting on the activities surrounding Gods throne . . . each of the four living creatures . . . never stop saying, Ho ly, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come  [16]  (Rev. 4:8). Holiness resides in God to the extent that it cannot be imparted to humanity in the same way. Isaiah also records the cry of the seraphim, as they say Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the whole earth is full of His glory! (Is. 6:3). In Isaiahs mind, the earth is full of Gods glory as an implied result of His holiness. There can be only one Being who is absolutely perfect holy Further, if perfection is thought of as moral perfection, then absolute perfection implies holiness as well. God is absolutely perfect, and what is absolutely perfect is set apart from all else. Therefore God is holy; He is perfect in and of Himself  [17]  J.L. Dagg says, God is immaculately holy. Goodness, truth and justice, are moral attributes of God. Holiness is not an attribute distinct from these; but a name which includes them all It implies the perfection of the assemblage; the absence of everythi ng in it contrary to either of the properties included.  [18]  This immaculate holiness is an element of Gods transcendence in that His holiness, a holiness of absolute, undeniable perfection, sets Him apart from all else; God alone possesses holiness to this degree. While man may aspire to some level of holiness, holiness as depicted in Scripture belongs to God alone. Holiness of this degree is fundamental; since only God possesses holiness to this level, it emanates from Him to His creatures through revelation and experience. It does so because God wills it to be this way. Because His holiness emanates from Him to humanity, mankind is drawn to God in a way that would be impossible without such emanation. Isaiah demonstrated this experience when in Gods presence he exclaimed, Woe is me, for I am undone! Because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; for my eyes have seen the King, The LORD of hosts. (Isa. 6:5). It is this perfection th at allows humanity to revel in, and marvel at, Gods holiness. That He is perfectly holy is an assurance to His creation of the perfection of His other attributes. Gods holiness is the divine perfection by which God is absolutely distinct from all creatures and exalted above them in infinite majesty.  [19]  A similar thought concerning Gods holiness as an incommunicable characteristic of His nature is one that some have called His majesty-holiness . . . this aspect of Gods holiness is the one less thought of, and it actually bears greater affinity to infinity, Aseity, and unitynon-moral divine attributes.  [20]  God has majesty as the King of kings, and Lord of lords because of His holiness. When the Creators holiness has been physically manifested to His creation, it has a brilliant effect. In Isaiahs vision from chapter six, he notes that the seraphim had to cover their faces to remain in Gods presence, (Isa. 6:2ff.) Isaiahs account of the seraphim brings to mind other encounters with Gods glory that have similar effects on the beholder, such as; Moses reaction to Gods presence at the burning bush (Ex. 3:1-6), the Israelites reaction to Moses as he descends the mountain after having been in Gods presence (Ex. 34:29-35), and the disciples reaction at the Mount of Transfiguration (Matt. 17:1-8). Many times, Gods holiness is likened to a consuming fire! In each example, the glory of God was such that it caused the beholder to fall before God in worship. This brilliant glory, which is the visible manifestation of Gods holiness, is so powerful that it elicits profound responses from His creation in every case. Through the incarnation, God has not only invited mankind to participate in His holiness, He has demonstrated that it can be done, and how it should be done. By his sacrificial death on the Cross, Jesus Christ enables us, by the power of the Holy Spirit, to share in the holiness that he embodies and accomplishes for us. Jesus said, Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God (Matt. 5:8), indicating that the heart condition is a key component to mankinds ability to commune with the Father. It is precisely this purity of heart, which is the result of mimicking Gods purity that is pleasing to God. All too often, the idea of attaining holiness is discounted, or neglected altogether, as if it is unattainable. The enemy desires that we have this defeatist attitude. However, Mark Driscoll states with regard to communicable holiness that we mirror God when we hate sin and love holiness by repenting of our sin and fighting against sin in the world.  [21]  Certainly, it would be inaccurate to suggest that perfect holiness is within the grasp of humanity; however, since God has commanded mankind to be holy (1 Pet. 1:16), one must assume that it is attainable through repentance, at least in some acceptable degree, within the confines of this life. Humans have the ability to exhibit limited holiness, yet it is not an attribute which is innate or one which emanates from their being. In fact, a number of accounts throughout Scripture indicate that when man encounters Gods holiness it has had a profound impact. Holiness is also seen as communicable, in that God does share His holiness with humanity in some senses. The idea that God shares His attributes with humanity in any sense is an indication of His desire to have an interactive relationship with His creation; mankind in particular. It is a reflection of His character that He desires such an interaction; in no sense does God need this interaction, but Scripture is clear that He desires it and goes to great lengths to make it possible. As a result of Gods activity in making His being known, and providing a means of interaction, it is right that He alone is the object of mans worship. While Gods holiness is essential, mans holiness is derived from His nature. In some ways, we are like God. At our best, we have qualities or attributes that dimly reflect Gods.  [22]  It is this dim reflection that characterizes mankinds existence for now. One is reminded of Pauls discourse in the great love chapter of Corinthians, wherein he says For no w we see in a mirror, dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known (1 Cor. 13:12-13). It is this anticipation of seeing and knowing that encourages Paul as well as the believer today. One day, we will see as we are seen, and know as we are known; that will indeed be a glorious day. On that day, man may look upon the glorious holiness of God, and not turn away in fear, or hide his face from Gods glorious radiance. However, even in this life, some measure of holiness is surely attainable for mankind, since God commands His creatures to Be holy, for I am holy (Lev. 11:44, 45; 19:2; 20:7; 1 Pet. 1:16). Holiness in man is a symbol of the holiness of God, but is also a humble aspiration to be more like God. Holiness in man is seen in a relational aspect. Gods purpose for sharing His attributes with humanity is certainly to foster obedience, but also to transform humanity into His image, as depicted in 2 Cor. 3:18. Here, God speaks through the Apostle Paul to His church, and says But we all, with unveiled face, beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image (emphasis added) from glory to glory, just as by the Spirit of the Lord. One remembers Isaiahs encounter, when in the presence of the Lord both he and the seraphim were overwhelmed (Is 6:2-6), and marvels at this New Testament approach to Gods presence, given by God for the edification of His saints. The noticeable contrast between the Old Testament and New Testament depictions of the workings of Gods holiness are indeed a source of blessing for those believers on this side of the cross of Christ. While this holiness is certainly limited, it remains true that God has now commanded the attempt to become in nature as He is, limited though the success of that effort will be. This holiness in man is reflected holiness. How it is that man may exhibit such an attribute of God? Creation reflects the attributes of the Creator. Quite simply, holiness in man is impossible apart from God; however, holiness in man is a reality because Gods holiness overflows into the lives of His children. Gods holiness comes from that eternal fount, just as does His love, mercy, and truth, but it comes in a unique way. Gods holiness comes through the transformation of a sanctified life; a life that is being reconfigured to be what it is not naturally, but only what it can be under the direct influence of comi ng into the presence of God. It is an alien concept, except that it is most obviously Gods plan for mankind. That such holiness comes from God alone is seen from Scripture. Moses removes any doubt, when he records Gods words in Lev. 21:8, I the LORD, who sanctify you, am holy. This clearly indicates the holiness of God, but also indicates that the process of becoming holy (sanctification) is Gods work. Further indications from Scripture are seen in Geislers observations: God chose a holy people (Israel) (Deut. 7:6; 14:2, 21; 26:19; 28:9; Col. 1:2; 1 Peter 2:9). He also picked special holy men (2 Kings 4:9). He elected a holy church (1 Cor. 1:2). He set aside a holy land (Zech. 2:12). God chose a holy city on earth (Jerusalem) (Neh. 11:1; Isa. 52:1) Gods holy city sits on a holy mountain (Ps. 15:1; 48:1; Dan. 9:20). He also has a Holy city in heaven (Rev. 21:2, 10). God ordained holy priests (in Leviticus). God even designated a holy dumpsite (Jer. 31:40), that is, a special place set apart to dispose of things. God demands a holy tithe of His people (Lev. 27:30). God had holy food (Lev. 21: 22). He expects us to live a holy life (Rom. 12:1; 1 Thess. 4:7).  [23]   Clearly, Scripture is replete with these and numerous other references to Gods holiness, and its connection to mankind. Gods holiness is always demonstrated scripturally with the express purposes of revealing more of God to mankind, and of drawing mankind closer to God. Interestingly, God is seen in His holiness as a Law-giver. A holy God gave a law that was just and holy and good.  [24]  Holiness is an essential quality of God, both in a metaphysical sense, and in a moral, or ethical sense. This realization brings to bear another aspect of Gods holiness as it is imparted to man. There is a moral or ethical component of Gods holiness that bears upon man as he strives to come into the image of God. It is this conjunction of morality with holiness that defines the ethical component of Gods nature. He is God because He is ethically (morally) superior to all else, and this is made known through His holiness. In fact, The holiness of God in Scripture is never depicted apart from its moral and rational dimensions. A holy God is always moral, and he communicates in rational language.  [25]  Coppedge notes that there are six key elements  [26]  that comprise Gods moral holiness; (1) righteousness and its corresponding standard of (2) moral purit y. The (3) truth of God is reflected in both his speech and his faithfulness in personal relationships. The (4) grace of God involves both his favor and his self-giving, and stands in close relationship to both the (5) love and the (6) goodness of God, which round out his moral image.  [27]  This moral component of Gods holiness is fundamental to the nature of God as He has made Himself known, but it goes far beyond just Gods self revelation. His holiness is also fundamental to mankinds right understanding of truth. There is no truth that man may know apart from Gods truth, which is absolutely based upon His holiness and purity. This fact comprises the moral compass of man. In fact, Erikson says, Gods perfection is the standard for our moral character and the motivation for religious practice. The whole moral code follows from his holiness.  [28]  Ericksons idea is that apart from Gods purity (holiness), it is impossible to worship Him rightly, as well as impossible to live rightly before Him. Without the ethical component of Gods holiness, humanity would be lost in a sea of relativity. Such is the danger of most of the heretical movements of religious history. We are living in a day of mental and moral and spiritual indolence, and therefore a time of superficial thinking in things relating to God and eternal matters.  [29]  These modern day religious movements amount to little more than mankinds attempt to subrogate Gods position as the ultimate authority over all creation. Almost without fail, every such attempt at heart is nothing more than a rejection of Gods holiness. The result is an attempt to replace Gods truth, which is absolute, with mans truth which is incomplete. Any such attempt can but fail because it is conceived in sin. Holiness points to Gods majestic purityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ because God is morally pure, He cannot condone evil or have any relationship to it.  [30]  Apart from the ethical component of Gods holiness, mankind can do little more than sear ch in vain for truth. 14Having established holiness as a fundamental attribute of God; a driving force behind His being as we know it, the question remains as to why this is important. There are two relational aspects of Gods holiness that must be understood. First, one must realize how Gods holiness affects His relationship with man as His creation, and conversely how mankind is to rightly respond to God because of His holiness. Only then may one understand how Gods holiness impacts a right relationship between man and men. These are sometimes referred to as vertical (God to man, and man to God), and horizontal (man to man) relationships. In each case, the success of this effort depends upon the holiness of God as it is imparted unto the believer. Humanity cannot please God apart from reflecting His holiness back to Him, and this is done through the proper relationships of love for God and for fellowman. Relationally speaking, there are considerations of Gods holiness, as a communicated attribute, that have implications for mankind as well. There is a display of Divine holiness in redemption. His holy nature will not allow Him to look upon sin with the least degree of allowance. Salvation is not at the expense of His holiness. The Redeemer must bear the wrath due the sinner, for wrath is the exercise of His holiness. Gods hatred of sin was as much manifested in redemption as it will be in judgment.  [31]  Understanding that Gods holiness is directed towards humanity for the purpose of glorifying Him through a right relationship is imperative for the development of the child of God. It is also foundational to the proper perspective of the creature, as he relates to the Creator, that man recognizes that the goal of the process of sanctification is the ultimate glorification to be found in the presence of God because of the work of Christ. Ryle states that, A man may go great length s, and yet never reach true holiness.  [32]  It is this work of God in mans life that makes him right before God, resulting in a desire to please God through the obedient life. Augustine said, When we praise God directly, we do it as we celebrate His Holiness.  [33]  In keeping with this thought, Martin Luther said, We should not be holy in order to earn or prevent something. For people who do this are hirelings, servants, and day laborers. They are not willing children and heirs who are holy for the sake of holiness that is, for the sake of God alone; for God Himself is Righteousness, Truth, Goodness, Wisdom, and Holiness.  [34]   16 Finally, because God is supremely holy, He is deserving of mankinds total adoration, love, respect, and worship. To know God aright, one must recognize above all else that He is different because of His holiness. It is this difference that at once sets Him apart, and at the same, time draws us to Him. This difference is predicated upon His absolute holiness. Gods holiness establishes His uniqueness, and not just His magnificence or grandeur. God demonstrates the vastness of the differences between His holiness and mans. Mankind is instructed to long for Gods holiness in such a way as to cause obedience and surrender in his life, yet to recognize the incomparability of Gods fire of a fierce divine love that will not rest content until God has redeemed all in a renewed heaven and a renewed earth that has become Gods dwelling place (Rev. 21-22). When our salvation is consummated we will be restored to the holiness of God. We will not have His power, nor His wisdom, but we will have H is holiness.  [35]   In conclusion, one must deduce that Gods holiness is perhaps His greatest gift to mankind, other than salvation. All His other gifts are predicated upon His holiness. Gods Holiness is foundational and all other actions emanate from His holiness. His righteousness, justice, love, grace, mercy and truth are what they are because He is holy. God is transcendent because of His holiness, yet even the desire to have a relationship with humanity is predicated upon Gods holiness. Like Isaiah, when confronted with the presence (His holiness) of Almighty God, all any man may say is Woe is me, for I am undone! Because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; For my eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts (Isa. 6:5). It is because of his holiness, that God is a consuming fire.  [36]  There is no right reaction apart from falling on ones face in utter humility and worship when confronted with this divine presence. However, because of the work of Chr ist for salvation, and the work of the Holy Spirit for glorification through sanctification, man may respond with great relief to Gods presence; because through these works, God has imparted a measure of His holiness to humanity, until the day comes when we stand

How Does Advertising Affect Food Choices Essay

When asked how people make food choices, many people say taste is the number one factor. Flavor, aroma, appearance and texture all work together to impact what you choose for your daily meals and snacks. However, decisions about food go beyond taste and smell, reflecting a complex web of social, environmental and economic influences adults and children may not even be aware of. We develop food preferences based on our family, region / country where we live, cost of food, and mainly how food is marketed / advertised to us. These days children on average are spending 53 hours a week in front of a screen and hence this has a definite impact on kids health and wellness. Exposure to food advertising is one of the powerful forces driving the relationship between screen time and obesity. More specifically, exposure to advertising may be altering children’s food intake. Children and adolescents are inundated with advertisements which promote unhealthy foods and beverages. It is estimated that US food and beverage companies spend roughly $2 billion each year to market their products to kids. The largest proportion of advertising expenditures – roughly 40% of all money spent on food and beverage advertising – came from fast food restaurants, followed by carbonated beverages (22%). By comparison, advertising of fruits and vegetables accounts for just 0.4% of all advertising dollars. Just 0.4% for advertisement of healthy food. TV advertising remains the primary channel through which companies reach children and adolescents. Advertising can have a powerful, subconscious affect on food choices for both adults and children. For example, according to research, TV commercials for snack foods increase consumption of these foods before and after airing. Early research has demonstrated that children exposed to food advertising consumed more total food energy compared to exposure to non-food advertisements. Elementary-school aged children consumed 45% more snack foods after watching a short cartoon which contained a food advertisement compared to children who watched the same cartoon with advertisements for other, non-food, products.